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  • | Time Table

    Atlantic & Great Western Railroad

    The Atlantic & Great Western Railroad stressed its safety record and comfortable, elegant, luxurious cars. The time table quotes former Illinois Congressman Elihu B. Washburn on the road's smooth ride and "clean, light, and airy" setting. The road also boasted that its passengers traveling in its beautifully appointed Pullman cars would "not have to leave the train between Chicago, Cincinnati, and St. Louis."

  • | Pamphlet

    Land Hunter's and Settlers' Special Low Rates

    Published "to aid in the sale and settlement of its lands", this pamphlet by the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad introduces special fares for train tickets to Nebraska. "Exploring Tickets" were designed for those who wished to survey the land before committing to a purchase, while "One-Way Settler's Tickets" were targeted to those who had already made a decision to move to Nebraska. The company also offered rebates on the tickets to those who ended up purchasing land.

  • | Time Table

    Orange and Alexandria Line "Irregular" Timetable

    This "irregular" timetable, published by the United States Military Railroads department, shows arrival and departure times on the Orange and Alexandria Line for "The Government of Operatives Only."

  • | Book

    American Notes for General Consideration

    Dicken's American Notes came from his 1842 trip to the United States. The author visited prisons, politicians, and toured primarily in New England and the Great Lakes region. In this excerpt, he describes American train travel in its early period, segregated railcars, and the distinctions between gentlemen's and ladies' cars.

  • | Book

    Phelps's Travellers' Guide Through the United States

    This pocket atlas listed over 700 railroads, steamship lines, and canals in the United States and their routes of service, state by state. Frederick Douglass probably consulted a rudimentary timetable in the Baltimore newspaper or one posted at the depot for the Baltimore to Philadelphia route, described here twelve years after Douglass made his escape from slavery on the Philadelphia, Wilmington, & Baltimore Railroad.

  • | Contract

    Claudius Crozet's Comparative Estimate of the Five Lowest Bids Offered for Blue Ridge Tunnel No. 1, January 21, 1850

    Claudius Crozet offers the Board of Public Works his assessment of the bids for one section of the Tunnel project.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Claudius Crozet to the President and Directors of the Blue Ridge Railroad Co., May 6, 1850

    Claudius Crozet keeps the Board informed of the project's progress on the Blue Ridge and measures that progress in numbers of "hands" employed and the amount of rock and earth moved.

  • | Time Table

    Boston and Worcester Railroad Timetable, August 15, 1850

    This timetable, which took effect August 15, 1850, shows the departure and arrival times of trains on the Boston and Worcester Railroad.

  • | Annual report

    Annual Report to the President and Directors of the Board of Public Works, 1850

    When proposed and the first efforts made in 1850, the Blue Ridge Tunnel was to be the longest tunnel in North America. Claudius Crozet, as chief engineer, warns his Board of Public Works against comparing its progress with other tunnels. The condition of the rock and the scale of the project were different and unprecedented, respectively. Crozet tries to educate the Board on the nature of the project.

  • | Illustration

    Hours of Departure of the Passenger Trains

    Note the delicate illustration of the passenger car in this advertisement.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Claudius Crozet to Governor John B. Floyd, November 15, 1850

    The Kelly contract dispute occupied the first year of Claudius Crozet's project to build the Blue Ridge Tunnel. This letter from Kelly to the Governor of Virginia explains the contractor's view of his contract and his disagreement with Claudius Crozet, the chief engineer. Kelly claims his contract was to include the building of some parts of the project, while Crozet let these to another contractor at a much lower price.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Claudius Crozet to the President and Directors of Public Works, November 15, 1850

    Claudius Crozet reports on his disagreement with the Tunnel's general contractor.

  • | Letter

    Quarterly Report

    In one of the first reports to the Board, Claudius Crozet explains the dangerous conditions in the construction and advises against using sink shafts on the project. Crozet refers to Col. Randolph, probably Thomas Jefferson Randolph, grandson of Thomas Jefferson and contractor of slaves to the project.

  • | Time Table

    Boston and Maine Railroad Summer Timetable, May 5, 1851

    This timetable, which took effect May 5, 1851, shows the summer schedule for trains leaving Boston on the Boston & Maine Railroad.

  • | Illustration

    Railroad Results Illustrated in the case of a Railroad of 35 Miles

    An example of the ways opportunities created by railroads pushed Americans to to conceptualize space and time in new ways, this illustration for the article "Thoughts on a Rail-Road System for New Orleans and the Southwest. No. III" emphasizes the commercial opportunities offered by rail networks.

  • | Book

    Uncle Tom's Cabin

    An excerpt from Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin.

  • | Contract

    Gallaher & Mc Elroy's Estimate No.37 for the Month of March, 1853

    Contractors on the Blue Ridge Railroad and Tunnel project filled out elaborate and detailed descriptions of work that they were to complete.

  • | Contract

    Mordecai Sizer's Estimate No. 27 for the Month of May, 1852

    Contractors on the Blue Ridge Railroad and Tunnel project filled out elaborate and detailed descriptions of work that they were to complete.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Claudius Crozet Reporting Generally upon the Conditions of the Work, August 2, 1853

    Claudius Crozet reports on the changing costs of labor in 1853.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Claudius Crozet to the Board of Public Works Reporting the Condition of Work, August 2, 1853

    Claudius Crozet explains what he thinks prompted the strike among the Tunnel workers in April 1853 for $1.50 a day wages.

  • | Time Table

    Boston and Worcester Railroad Timetable, November 1, 1853

    This timetable, which took effect November 1, 1853, shows arrival and departure times on the Boston and Worcester Railroad.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Claudius Crozet to the Board of Public Works, Reporting the Progress of Work for November, 1853

    Claudius Crozet reports on labor costs and the national labor market as it affects the Blue Ridge tunnel project. He encourages the Board to consider a mixed labor force of white and enslaved black workers as a means to keep both in check.

  • | Book

    Walden

    An excerpt from Henry David Thoreau's Walden. The progress represented by the railroad presents a mixed legacy to the rural life Thoreau treasures.

  • | Letter

    Claudius Crozet's Monthly Report for December, 1853

    In his report Claudius Crozet explains the high costs of white labor and the difficulties of securing enslaved labor.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Claudius Crozet to the Board of Public Works, January 17, 1854

    Under pressure from the legislature to complete the Blue Ridge Tunnel project as soon as possible and at reasonable cost, Claudius Crozet outlined the progress on the construction for the Board of Public Works.

  • | Letter

    Letter from John Wood Jr. to Colonel Claudius Crozet, April 20, 1854

    When two slaves were killed on the Blue Ridge Tunnel project, the slaveholders retained legal counsel to negotiate a settlement with the Board of Public Works.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Claudius Crozet Reporting the Cholera Epidemic at the Blue Ridge Tunnel, September 1, 1854

    When cholera broke out among Irish workers at the Blue Ridge Tunnel, Claudius Crozet reported on the epidemic and the various problems on the project with contractors.

  • | Letter

    Samuel G. White's Affidavit, October 27, 1854

    When two slaves were killed on the Blue Ridge Tunnel project, the Board of Public Works attorneys sought sworn affidavits from white men who knew the enslaved men to determine their value for compensation to the slaveholders. The legal process regularized and the practice of industrial slavery on the railroads.

  • | Letter

    Thomas W. Wood's Affidavit, October 27, 1854

    When two slaves were killed on the Blue Ridge Tunnel project, the Board of Public Works attorneys sought sworn affidavits from white men who knew the enslaved men to determine their value for compensation to the slaveholders. The legal process regularized and the practice of industrial slavery on the railroads.

  • | Letter

    William P. Jarman's Affidavit, October 27, 1854

    When two slaves were killed on the Blue Ridge Tunnel project, the Board of Public Works attorneys sought sworn affidavits from white men who knew the enslaved men to determine their value for compensation to the slaveholders. The legal process regularized and the practice of industrial slavery on the railroads.

  • | Letter

    William M. Sclater's Affidavit, October 28, 1854

    When two slaves were killed on the Blue Ridge Tunnel project, the Board of Public Works attorneys sought sworn affidavits from white men who knew the enslaved men to determine their value for compensation to the slaveholders. The legal process regularized and the practice of industrial slavery on the railroads.

  • | Letter

    Attorney General W.P. Bocark's Opinion Regarding the Bureau of Public Works' Liability for Slaves Killed on Blue Ridge Railroad, November 1, 1854

    When two slaves were killed on the Blue Ridge Tunnel project, slaveholders held the Virginia Board of Public Works, which had hired slaves through contractors, liable for the losses. Affidavits were taken on the value of the slaves, their character and history. The Attorney General of Virginia, W. P. Bocock, ruled that whether the slaves were killed on the Virginia Central Rail Road Co. or the Blue Ridge project was immaterial, and that the Board of Public Works was liable for reasonable compensation to the slaveholders.

  • | Letter

    William M. Sclater's Proposal to the Board of Public Works, November 1, 1854

    When labor shortages slowed the Blue Ridge Tunnel project, Claudius Crozet solicited proposals from local contracting agents to supply slave labor.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Claudius Crozet to the Virginia Board of Public Works, November 5, 1854

    Claudius Crozet comments on the problems with white labor on the Tunnel project, and the possibilities for increasing the use of black slaves.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Claudius Crozet Reporting the Condition of Work Under his Charge, December 1, 1854

    Commenting on the unreliablity of Irish labor, Claudius Crozet recommends to the Board of Public Works that they hire black enslaved labor instead.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Claudius Crozet to the Virginia Board of Public Works, December 28, 1854

    In one of his regular reports to the Board of Public Works, Claudius Crozet comments on the use of enslaved labor and the use of "time" that its employment enables. Because slaves were worked longer hours, often in gangs, and not paid by the hour, unlike whites, they could be transferred from one task to the next until their annual hire was renegotiated with the slaveholder.

  • | Time Table

    Illinois Central Railroad, Time Table No. 1, January 8, 1855

    This Illinois Central Railroad time table, in effect starting January 8, 1855, notes the arrival and departure schedules for freight and passenger trains between Galena and Cairo, Illinois.

  • | Contract

    Contract Between the Illinois Central Railroad Company and Pinkerton & Company, February 1, 1855

    In this February 1, 1855 contract between the Illinois Central Railroad and Allan Pinkerton's Detective Agency, Pinkerton & Company agree to establish a "Police Agency" in Chicago to assist the Railroad in the "prompt and efficient performance of their business."

  • | Broadsides

    Broadside Publicizing the Town of Nevin, Iowa, April 15, 1856

    This April 15, 1856 broadside details the benefits of the "New England Colony of Iowa," in the town of Nevin. This community, "consisting of persons from the New England States," has two railroads, a school, a hotel, and, of course, tracts of land and town lots for sale.

  • | Rate Tables

    North Western Virginia Railroad Passenger Rates, March 1, 1857

    This March 1, 1857 rate table for the North Western Virginia Railroad shows the distance between stations, lists the entire distance of the line, and gives passenger rates to and from various stations.

  • | Broadsides

    Boston and Worcester Railroad Circular Regarding Pay Cuts, October 30, 1857

    In this October 30, 1857 circular, Ginery Twichell, Superintendent of the Boston and Worcester Railroad, describes the reasons for a ten percent pay cut for all employees. He cites the recent reduction in receipts from passengers and freight, as well as the "sudden and unexpected financial storm" as the basis for the change.

  • | Book

    The Book of the Great Railway Celebrations of 1857

    Works like The Book of The Great Railway Celebrations were published with multiple purposes - they served great publicity for railroad companies and town boosters, as well as celebrations of technological advancements and ingenuity. The detailed illustrations and descriptions of the celebrations also made them prized souvenirs for event attendees.

  • | Illustration

    Accident on the New York Central Railroad

    This image from the May 28, 1858 edition of Harper's Weekly depicts an accident on a railroad bridge near Utica, New York.

  • | Rate Tables

    Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Coal Tariff, June 1, 1858

    This June 1, 1858 table outlines the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad's coal tariff rates to and from various locations. The B & O set its rates based on a "per ton" weight of 2,240 pounds.

  • | Illustration

    Railroad Cars Traversing the Submerged Wabash Valley

    This image from the June 26, 1858 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts a train passing through the Wabash Valley during a flood.

  • | Illustration

    Scene During the Inundation at Cairo, Illinois

    This image from the June 26, 1858 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts the flooding of Cairo, Illinois.

  • | Illustration

    The Erie Railroad Accident—the Cars Going Off the Track

    This image from the July 31, 1858 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts the beginning of a train derailment on the Erie railroad.

  • | Illustration

    The Scene After the Accident

    This image from the July 31, 1858 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts the scene at a train derailment on the Erie railroad.

  • | Illustration

    Scene On The Morning After The Late Terrible Accident On The Michigan Southern Railroad

    This image from the July 16, 1859 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts a scene on the morning after a terrible train accident on the Michigan Southern Railroad.

  • | Illustration

    Part of the Illinois Central Railroad Depot at Chicago

    This image from the September 10, 1859 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts a portion of the Illinois Central railroad depot at Chicago, Illinois. It illustrated an article entitled "The Great Graneries of Chicago," where it was noted "each of these immense buildings is capable of containing 700,000 bushels of wheat, and 225,000 can be received and stored in each of them in a single day."

  • | Illustration

    The City of Chicago, Illinois

    This montage of images from the September 10, 1859 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts the city of Chicago, Illinois.

  • | Illustration

    Railroad Bridge at Nashville, Tennessee

    This image from the April 7, 1860 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts a railroad bridge at Nashville, Tennessee.

  • | Illustration

    The Victoria Tubular Bridge at Montreal, Canada

    This image from the August 25, 1860 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts the Victoria Tubular Bridge at Montreal, Canada.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Joel A. Matteson, September 17, 1860

    In this letter from September 17, 1860, former Democratic governor of Illinois Joel A. Matteson writes a recommendation for Samuel Reed to take with him while he is in the South. Matteson states that he worked under Reed's direction in the past and writes "should any person want the services of an engineer of great experience they can find no person of better capacity to do any thing in his profession."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Reverend John Wilkinson to Reverend Doctor Lord, September 19, 1860

    In this letter from September 19, 1860, John Wilkinson, rector of Christ Church in Joliet, Illinois, writes to the Reverend Doctor Lord of Vicksburg, Mississippi introducing Samuel Reed to his "pastoral care." He states that Reed "contemplates passing the winter in your city."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Jennie Reed, September 21, 1860

    In this letter from September 21, 1860, Samuel Reed writes to his wife informing her that he has arrived in Cairo, Illinois. He notes the poor state of crops there and offers a brief description of the landscape, characterizing it as "the most forbiding looking place I have seen in the west." He tells her that he and John R. Boyle will travel to Memphis by railroad that morning, and then proceed to Vicksburg, Mississippi by river.

  • | Letter

    Letter from John R. Boyle to Samuel B. Reed, October 29, 1860

    In this letter from October 29, 1860, John R. Boyle writes to Samuel Reed discussing his search for railroad employment. He states that they missed out on a contract in Oskaloosa, Iowa, but he remains determined to find work in that area as he believes "there is nothing to be made in this western country now as there is too much competition in the way of RRoading." He notes that there has been much "log rolling" with regard to a 70 mile extension of the Cedar Rapids road, and also tells Reed he is worried he may lose some money on his present work in Washington , Iowa.

  • | Illustration

    Seventh Regiment on Board the "Boston," En Route for Annapolis

    This image from the May 11, 1861 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts members of the Seventh Regiment aboard the steamship "Boston," en route to Annapolis, Maryland.

  • | Illustration

    The Men of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment Repairing the Bridges on the Railroad from Annapolis to Washington

    This image from the May 11, 1861 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts members of the Eigth Massachusetts Regiment repairing bridges on the railroad from Annapolis, Maryland to Washington, D.C.

  • | Illustration

    Rhode Island Artillery Landing

    This image from the May 18, 1861 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts Rhode Island artillery being unloaded from the steamship "Bienville" at the Washington, D.C. arsenal.

  • | Illustration

    The "Lady Davis," Two Guns, Captain Enger, Ship of War of the Southern Confederacy

    This image from the May 18, 1861 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts the "Lady Davis" steamship, a warship of the Confederate States of America.

  • | Illustration

    Destruction of the Railroad Bridge Over the Potomac

    This image from the July 6, 1861 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts the destruction of the Potomac railroad bridge near Harper's Ferry by Confederate troops.

  • | Illustration

    Harper's Ferry, as Evacuated by the Confederate Troops

    This image from the July 6, 1861 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts Harper's Ferry after its evacuation by Confederate troops.

  • | Illustration

    Terrible Railway Accident on the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad

    This image from the October 12, 1861 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts a railway accident on the Ohio and Mississippi railroad.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Child, October 13, 1861

    In this letter from October 13, 1861, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and daughter while they are traveling to visit relatives in Rock Island, Illinois. He states that there has been no "excitement politically or financially" at home aside from a proclamation by a Captain Danforth of the "we have laid down the lanset and taken up the sword kind."

  • | Illustration

    Intersection of the Orange and Alexandria Railroad with the Manassas Gap Railroad

    This image from the March 29, 1862 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts a scene of destruction at Manassas Junction in Virginia during the American Civil War.

  • Pacific Railway Act of 1862

    The mechanism for the creation of the Union Pacific Railroad Company, this document is a demonstration of the intricate relationship between the business of the railroad and the business of government and expansion.

  • | Illustration

    Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Station at Hancock

    This image from the October 8, 1862 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts the railroad station in Hancock, Maryland.

  • | Illustration

    Rebels Destroying the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

    This image from the October 8, 1862 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts three men at Fair View, Maryland observing Confederate forces in the distance working to destroy the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.

  • | Rate Tables

    Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Passenger Rates, October 20, 1862

    This Baltimore and Ohio Railroad passenger rate table, which took effect October 20, 1862, includes a note from E. W. Barker which states that, "This Tariff was in force from the 20th Oct. 1862 to 1st Jany. 1863."

  • | Illustration

    The Railroad in Broadway

    This image from the November 1, 1862 issue of Harper's Weekly offers a cartoonist's conception of the impact of the railroad on Broadway.

  • | Time Table

    Boston and Worcester Railroad Timetable, December 8, 1862

    This timetable, which took effect December 8, 1862, shows arrival and departure times on the Boston and Worcester Railroad.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Jennie Reed, December 14, 1862

    In this letter from December 14, 1862, Samuel Reed writes to his wife that he hopes to return home for a visit for Christmas, but not to be disappointed if business prevents him from doing so. He states that the weather in Burlington, Iowa has been warm enough for the river steamboats to "run as well as in mid summer if there was business for them." Reed also writes of his worries over the progress of the war. Lower right corner (lower left on verso) is torn off.

  • | Letter

    Letter from H. Thielsen to C.H. Allen, January 10, 1863

    In this letter from January 10, 1863, H. Thielsen writes to C.H. Allen to request a railroad pass for Samuel Reed so that he may occasionally visit his family in Joliet, Illinois while working as Superintendent of Road Repairs on the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad. Thielsen states "I greatly prize Mr. Reed's services."

  • | Illustration

    Railroad Depot in Holly Springs, Mississippi

    This image from the January 10, 1863 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts the railroad depot in Holly Springs, Mississippi.

  • Homestead Act

    In this report of the Agricultural Committee to the House of Representatives, the importance of European immigration into the American West for the continued prosperity and growth of the nation is emphasized in a call for the establishment of an Emigration Bureau. Note the emphasis on the need for internal improvements (including the railroad) to facilitate the mobility of immigrants and agricultural products.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Jennie Reed, May 3, 1863

    In this letter from May 3, 1863, Samuel Reed writes to his wife asking when she will come to Burlington, Iowa to visit him and possibly pick up a relative. He states that he may not be able to leave for a visit home that month, but will send her a railroad pass over the Chicago Burlington and Quincy Railroad "as soon as one can be obtained from Chicago."

  • Letter from Jennie Reed to Samuel B. Reed, September 6, 1863

    In this letter from September 6, 1863, Jennie Reed writes to her husband, Samuel Reed, describing a recent trip she made to Chicago. She notes that she hopes his letter to Chicago, requesting employment closer to home, will be successful and reminds him that he is missing his youngest daughter's "babyhood." She also asks if he can get a pass on the Burlington and Missouri Railroad for his sister, Marion K. McMurphy, telling him "you can scarcely afford to pay out so much money, if it can be avoided."

  • | Illustration

    A Diagram Exhibiting the difference of time between the places shown & Washington

    A time atlas, illustrating the time and mileage distances between Washington and numerous other world locations. Conceptualizng space and time in a way that was meaningful to an increasingly mobile population became an increasingly important task during the 19th Century.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, April 5, 1864

    In this letter from April 5, 1864, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his tiresome travel from Grinnell, Iowa via stage and discusses his coming work.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, April 15, 1864

    In this letter from April 15, 1864, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the difficult terrain he will survey and notes the potential danger from Indians.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, April 19, 1864

    In this letter from April 19, 1864, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing how the numerous gold-seekers heading west from Omaha make travel difficult and expensive.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, April 28, 1864

    In this letter from April 28, 1864, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his orders to leave for Atchison, Kansas on the first boat.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, May 3, 1864

    In this letter from May 3, 1864, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his upcoming trip to Salt Lake City via the Overland Stage. He notes that in Atchison he has seen many runaway slaves from Missouri. This letter also includes Reed's instructions from Peter Dey in the Engineer's Office.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, May 8, 1864

    In this letter from May 8, 1864, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the difficulty in arranging travel due to the gold-seekers and notes the exceptionally high stage coach fares.

  • | Time Table

    Boston and Worcester Railroad Timetable, May 9, 1864

    This timetable, which took effect on May 9, 1864, shows arrival and departure times on the Boston and Worcester Railroad.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, May 21, 1864

    In this letter from May 21, 1864, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his travel from Atchison, Kansas to Salt Lake City. He spent thirteen days and nights on the stage coach with nine other passengers and describes the weather and terrain he encountered.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, May 26, 1864

    In this letter from May 26, 1864, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the pleasant condition of Salt Lake City and its exceptional organization.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, June 7, 1864

    In this letter from June 7, 1864, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his first few days of work surveying a route for the Union Pacific railroad. He comments on his living quarters, bed, and food.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, June 12, 1864

    In this letter from June 12, 1864, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his first forty miles of surveying. Reed describes the high prices for various foodstuffs—including $14.00 for 100 pounds of flour—all of which were purchased from Mormons on the trail, by order of Brigham Young.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, June 18, 1864

    In this letter from June 18, 1864, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family detailing the difficulty of the terrain. In three weeks he has only surveyed 24 miles. Reed also notes the pleasant climate, comments on the price of gold, and describes a few of the men in his party.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, June 26, 1864

    In this letter from June 26, 1864, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his hard work over the previous week. Reed also mentions the recent change in his diet, as he caught two brook trout and another member of the party shot an antelope.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, June 29, 1864

    In this letter from June 29, 1864, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing a strike among his workers. He notes that the men have agreed to keep working until he receives a message from Salt Lake City. Reed again notes the high food prices, though they have plenty to eat.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, July 3, 1864

    In this letter from July 3, 1864, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his interactions with a small band of Utah Indians and their Chief, Sandpitz. The Indians are friendly, but in Reed's estimation, "are the greatest beggars imaginable." He also notes the progress of his survey, which is over difficult terrain, and expresses his fear that the entire party will strike for higher wages.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, July 24, 1864

    In this letter from July 24, 1864, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family detailing the party's lack of food. He sent a team to Salt Lake City for provisions 8 days before, but they have not returned and the food has run out. Reed again describes his difficulties with workers striking for higher wages and shares plans for his upcoming three-day scouting trip.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, August 2, 1864

    In this letter from August 2, 1864, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his three-day scouting trip. After his teamsters returned with provisions, Reed left and quickly encountered a barren desert and desolate mountains. He also notes recent Indian activity 80-100 miles northeast of their party.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, August 15, 1864

    In this letter from August 15, 1864, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his difficulties in surveying the route for the Union Pacific Railroad line, including the high cost of food. He mentions that the party spent four days in country with no drinkable water. Despite these hardships, Reed and his party have finished their first survey and are returning to Salt Lake City.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, August 17, 1864

    In this letter from August 17, 1864, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing new instructions from Union Pacific headquarters in Omaha. He is directed to survey a new line from Utah Lake to the Bear River Valley (Utah).

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, September 18, 1864

    In this letter from September 18, 1864, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his inability to write sooner and his overall good health.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, October 2, 1864

    In this letter from October 2, 1864, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his time in Salt Lake City following his second survey. He notes that Brigham Young gave him some excellent peaches and that he will head out again for three weeks, then return home.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, October 22, 1864

    In this letter from October 22, 1864, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his return to Salt Lake City following his third survey trip for the Union Pacific Railroad.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, October 27, 1864

    In this letter from October 27, 1864, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family noting his new assignment to "go west and explore on horseback the route out of the desert."

  • | Time Table

    Brookline Branch Railroad Timetable, October 31, 1864

    This timetable, which took effect October 31, 1864, shows departure times and fares on the Brookline Branch Railroad. It also features a complete schedule for "Newton Special Trains."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, November 17, 1864

    In this short letter from November 17, 1864, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the wind and cold he endured during a 20-day stagecoach ride from Salt Lake City.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Peter A. Dey to Samuel B. Reed, December 10, 1864

    In this letter from December 10, 1864, Peter A. Dey, Chief Engineer for the Union Pacific Railroad, writes to Samuel Reed describing the way in which Reed should prepare his survey report for the Railroad's directors. Dey also mentions that Reed has his full support and that he (Dey) voiced this sentiment to members of the Board.

  • | Annual report

    Report from Division Engineer Samuel B. Reed to Chief Engineer Peter A. Dey Describing Survey from Green River to Salt Lake City, December 24, 1864

    In this December 24, 1864 report, Samuel B. Reed describes his surveys and explorations of the land from Green River, Utah to Salt Lake City. He gives his recommendations for the route of the Union Pacific Railroad line, including the availability of timber for railroad ties and coal to power the locomotives.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, January 13, 1865

    In this short letter from January 13, 1865, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his work schedule and informs them that he hopes to head west again before March 1.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, April 20, 1865

    In this letter from April 20, 1865, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the difficulty of traveling by stagecoach and mentions that he heard the news of President Abraham Lincoln's assassination. Reed notes that their party was the first to inform many people of the President's death. He also describes a memorial service in Omaha, NE.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, May 14, 1865

    In this short letter from May 14, 1865, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his arrangements to leave Omaha at 8:00 p.m. that evening with two assistants. His bill for the stage is an exorbitant $1,200.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, May 21, 1865

    In this letter from May 21, 1865, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family noting their arrival in Denver after a week-long stagecoach ride. Reed notes the ample evidence of Indian attacks along the route.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, June 4, 1865

    In this letter from June 4, 1865, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his preparations to start another survey the following morning. Reed outlines his potential route and notes the inexperience of his crew, as most of his previous group found other employment. He also details an upcoming Indian gathering, featuring all of the tribes in the vicinity of Salt Lake and Brigham Young.

  • | Payroll

    Payroll for C. H. Grenz, Blacksmith, Knoxville, TN, August, 1865

    This blacksmith's payroll from August, 1865 lists the time—in days—that C. H. Grenz spent repairing rail cars, tools and engines and details the compensation he received in Knoxville, Tennessee.

  • | Payroll

    Payroll for H. N. Walker, Machinist, Knoxville, TN, August, 1865

    This machinist's payroll from August, 1865 lists the time—in days—that H. N. Walker spent working on various engines and details the compensation he received.

  • | Payroll

    Payroll for J. F. Gee, Blacksmith, Knoxville, TN, August, 1865

    This blacksmith's payroll from August, 1865 lists the time—in days—that J. F. Gee spent repairing rail cars and details the compensation he received in Knoxville, Tennessee.

  • | Payroll

    Payroll for James Darnell, Helper, Knoxville, TN, August, 1865

    This payroll from August, 1865 lists the time—in days—that James Darnell spent helping to repair rail cars and engines and details the compensation he received in Knoxville, Tennessee.

  • | Payroll

    Payroll for Jno. Kershaw, Machinist, Knoxville, TN, August, 1865

    This machinist's payroll from August, 1865 lists the time—in days—that Jno. Kershaw spent working on various engines and details the compensation he received while working in Knoxville, Tennessee.

  • | Payroll

    Payroll for Jon Chester, Machinist, Knoxville, TN, August, 1865

    This machinist's payroll from August, 1865 lists the time—in days—that Jon Chester spent working on various engines and details the compensation he received while working in Knoxville, Tennessee.

  • | Payroll

    Payroll for L. Kershaw, Jr. Machinist, Knoxville, TN, August, 1865

    This junior machinist's payroll from August, 1865 lists the time—in days—that L. Kershaw spent working on engines and at various other tasks and details the compensation he received at Knoxville, Tennessee.

  • | Payroll

    Payroll for L. Maguire, Machinist, Knoxville, TN, August, 1865

    This machinist's payroll from August, 1865 lists the time—in days—that L. Maguire spent working on various engines and details the compensation he received.

  • | Payroll

    Payroll for M. Murphy, Packer, Knoxville, TN, August, 1865

    This packer's payroll from August, 1865 lists the time—in days—that M. Murphy spent working at various "general" tasks and details the compensation he received at Knoxville, Tennessee.

  • | Payroll

    Payroll for M. O'Hara, Machinist, Knoxville, TN, August, 1865

    This machinist's payroll from August, 1865 lists the time—in days—that M. O'Hara spent working on various engines and details the compensation he received.

  • | Payroll

    Payroll for P. Farley, Packer, Knoxville, TN, August, 1865

    This packer's payroll from August, 1865 lists the time—in days—that P. Farley spent working at various "general" tasks and details the compensation he received at Knoxville, Tennessee.

  • | Payroll

    Payroll for Peter Weeks, Helper, Knoxville, TN, August, 1865

    This payroll from August, 1865 lists the time—in days—that Peter Weeks spent helping to repair rail cars and engines and details the compensation he received in Knoxvile, Tennessee.

  • | Payroll

    Payroll for R. A. Saye, Carpenter, Knoxville, TN, August, 1865

    This carpenter's payroll from August, 1865 lists the time—in days—that R. A. Saye spent working at various "general" tasks and details the compensation he received at Knoxville, Tennessee.

  • | Payroll

    Payroll for R. Young, Machinist, Knoxville, TN, August, 1865

    This machinist's payroll from August, 1865 lists the time—in days—that R. Young spent working on various engines and details the compensation he received.

  • | Payroll

    Payroll for S. H. Hall, Machinist, Knoxville, TN, August, 1865

    This machinist's payroll from August, 1865 lists the time—in days—that S. H. Hall spent working on various engines and details the compensation he received.

  • | Payroll

    Payroll for William Rice, Carpenter, Knoxville, TN, August, 1865

    This carpenter's payroll from August, 1865 lists the time—in days—that William Rice spent working at various "general" tasks and details the compensation he received at Knoxville, Tennessee.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to T. C. Durant, November 1, 1865

    In this letter from November 1, 1865, Samuel Reed writes to Thomas C. Durant, Vice President of the Union Pacific Railroad, describing his work surveying a line from Salt Lake City to the Humboldt River Valley in Nevada.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, December 26, 1865

    In this letter from December 26, 1865, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his frustration over the lack of directions from his superiors. He also notes that he may be offered the position of Chief Engineer of Construction for the Union Pacific line.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Jennie Reed, January 14, 1866

    In this letter from January 14, 1866, Samuel Reed writes to his wife describing his busy work finding contractors for construction of the second 100-mile section of the Union Pacific Railroad line. He also describes a compliment given him by an important engineer, who called Reed a "pioneer" of topographical engineering.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Jennie Reed, January 17, 1866

    In this letter from January 17, 1866, Samuel Reed writes to his wife describing the quietness of the office since the "notables" of the Union Pacific, who had been there observing construction and planning, have "left for the east."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, January 21, 1866

    In this letter from January 21, 1866, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his work pertaining to the construction of the Union Pacific Railroad. He also notes that he has been named the Superintendent of Construction, so he will not have to go west again on a surveying expedition.

  • | Illustration

    Driving the First Spike on the Atchison and Pike's Peak Railroad

    This image from the January 27, 1866 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts the ceremonial "first spike" of the Atchison and Pike's Peak Railroad.

  • | Annual report

    Report of Division Engineer Samuel B. Reed: Surveys Made on Pacific Slope for the Union Pacific Railroad, 1865

    In this January 31, 1866 report, Samuel B. Reed describes his surveys and explorations of the land from Salt Lake City, Utah to the California state line. He gives his recommendations for the route of the Union Pacific Railroad and suggests building the line from West to East (rather than from East to West), due to timber availability. He further suggests that subsequent survey crews should use camels, rather than horses or mules, due to the lack of water on a good portion of the route.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, February 11, 1866

    In this letter from February 11, 1866, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family noting that construction on the Union Pacific has reached 56 miles west of Omaha. He states that his work is not "wearing on body and boots," but is "close hard office work."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, March 26, 1866

    In this short letter from March 26, 1866, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family stating that he has completed his survey map and one of his reports and sent them to New York. His report will be submitted to Congress to demonstrate the Union Pacific's progress toward building the first transcontinental railroad line.

  • | Illustration

    The Mosquito

    This image from the June 30, 1866 issue of Harper's Weekly offers a stinging cartoonist's criticism of the nature of the Camden and Amboy Railroad Company.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Jennie Reed, July 18, 1866

    In this letter from July 18, 1866, Samuel Reed writes to his wife describing a fierce political fight involving Thomas C. Durant and George Francis Train of the Union Pacific Railroad. Their larger-than-life personalities cause Reed to comment that "one stage coach or steam boat could not hold two such men."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Benjamin F. Bunker to Samuel B. Reed, July 27, 1866

    In this letter from July 27, 1866, Benjamin F. Bunker writes to Samuel Reed regarding payment for a railroad ticket for a Mr. A.B. Clemons, who was returning to work in Omaha. He requests that Reed charge Mr. Clemons' account $45.99 for the ticket, deduct that amount on his first pay day, and credit the same amount to Assistant Treasurer H.C. Crane.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, August 1, 1866

    In this letter from August 1, 1866, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing a recent trip to the west. He explored the country south of the Platte River looking for cedar timbers to use as railroad ties for the Union Pacific road. Reed met Jack Morrow, a wealthy rancher, and purchased $4,000 worth of ties from him.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, August 16, 1866

    In this letter from August 16, 1866, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the heat and lack of rainfall. Reed notes that no rain has fallen in Omaha for more than six weeks. He also mentions an upcoming party for Lieutenant General Sherman in which Reed has been invited to attend.

  • | Document

    Order for travel, Freedmen's Bureau

    A type of travel document issued for travel under the auspices of the Freemen's Bureau. This August 22, 1866, voucher authorizes travel from Washington, D. C. to Southwick, Massachusetts on the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad. Many emancipated African Americans traveled American railroads to old and new homes in the wake of the Civil War - the Freemen's Burueau paid for much of the travel.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, September 23, 1866

    In this letter from September 23, 1866, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing an upcoming visit by Thomas C. Durant, Vice-President of the Union Pacific Railroad. Reed also notes that he plans to go west soon and will be gone for most of the week, which he hopes will be his last trip for the season.

  • | Book

    Beyond the Mississippi; from the Great River to the Great Ocean

    Albert D. Richardson's Beyond the Mississippi; from the Great River to the Great Ocean is a detailed and exciting account of life and travels in the West and Far West in the years before the transcontinental railroad was completed. From Native American life, to gold fields, to emigrant trains, Richardson's portrayals of the region are interesting and informative. In this section, he describes the building of the transcontinental railroad in Nebraska - "the Conquest of Nature moving toward the Pacific."

  • | Document

    Travel Accounting, Freedmen's Bureau

    An accounting of Freedmen's Bureau-sponsored travel on the Virginia Central Railroad during the first half of 1867. Many emancipated African Americans traveled American railroads to old and new homes in the wake of the Civil War - the Freemen's Burueau paid for much of the travel.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, January 15, 1867

    In this letter from January 15, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his desire, but his inability, to go west soon. He mentions that the Union Pacific's directors continue to talk about the possibility of bridging the Missouri River between Omaha and Council Bluffs, but "there has been nothing done yet about settling the question."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, January 17, 1867

    In this letter from January 17, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing a "stormy meeting" of the Union Pacific Railroad's executive committee. He is fearful that "the progress of the road will be very much retarded" by proposed changes "in the mode of building the road."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, January 22, 1867

    In this letter from January 22, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the continuing internal debate over the future of the Union Pacific Railroad.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, January 27, 1867

    In this letter from January 27, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the decision of the Union Pacific Railroad's executive committee during their recent meetings. The committee "let" the contract to Credit Moblier from the 100th Meridian "to the base of the mountains." Reed also describes the recent decline of the stock market.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, January 31, 1867

    In this letter from January 27, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family letting them know that he will leave New York City that evening. He mentions that work on the railroad may not progress as quickly as the previous year because of a "difficulty in procuring the necessary funds to build the road."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, February 13, 1867

    In this letter from February 13, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family letting them know that he has arrived in Omaha after a long journey from New York City.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, February 26, 1867

    In this letter from February 26, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family in Illinois describing the recent delay in mail service due to a severe winter storm stopping traffic on the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad.

  • | Document

    Travel Order Freedmen's Bureau

    A Freedmen's Bureau travel voucher for 107 adults and 16 children (under 12) - "destitute freedpeople" traveling from Charlotte, North Carolina to Plaquemines, Louisiana. Generally, when large numbers of freedpeople travelled, it was under the terms of a labor contract.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, March 25, 1867

    In this letter from March 25, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the effects of another severe winter storm in Nebraska. He mentions that he has six locomotives on the east side of the frozen Missouri River and "would not hesitate to cross them on the ice if we needed their services."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, March 27, 1867

    In this letter from March 27, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the difficulty of clearing the tracks of snow. He expects that the storm will destroy some bridges.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, April 2, 1867

    In this letter from April 2, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing contracts with Boyd & Reed and I. H. Lacy to construct ten miles of road each. Upon completion of their contracts, the Union Pacific Railroad will reach 400 miles, or 25 miles west of Julesburg, Colorado.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, April 5, 1867

    In this letter from April 5, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the expected arrival of Union Pacific Vice-President Thomas Durant. Reed also notes an attempt by a representative of Ames & Company to overhaul the construction department's books and vouchers.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, April 18, 1867

    In this letter from April 18, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing a trip to the western end of the line. He details his attempts to "put the road in order" following a recent flood of the Platte River and its tributaries. Reed laments that it will cost above $50,000 and be "ten or twelve days before I can get a train over the road."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, April 19, 1867

    In this letter from April 19, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the recent flooding on the Platte River and his attempts to get the road repaired by the following week, when the Union Pacific's executive committee will arrive to inspect it.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, April 25, 1867

    In this letter from April 25, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family with mixed feelings, noting that the first train in ten days has passed over the road, but that a "large amount" of work still needs to be done to get the road in "good order."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, April 27, 1867

    In this letter from April 27, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his feelings about the hard work he has done getting the road repaired and putting trains back on their regularly scheduled runs.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, May 4, 1867

    In this letter from May 4, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family noting the executive committee's pleasure at the condition of the line. Reed mentions that he may be spending most of his future time in North Platte, given the expected arrival of a new general superintendent of construction.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, May 6, 1867

    In this letter from May 6, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the unrest among members of the Union Pacific Railroad's executive committee. Following their inspection of the line, they "broke up in a row" and thus, "no work has been let west of the fourth hundred and will not be until they come to some agreement."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, May 8, 1867

    In this letter from May 8, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family letting them know that he will be relocating to North Platte.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, May 14, 1867

    In this letter from May 14, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing recent Indian attacks near Julesburg, Nebraska. He also mentions that since the railroad has been completed from Omaha, NE to North Platte, his only concern will be with the new construction to the west. The eastern section will be "the same to me as any foreign road."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, May 23, 1867

    In this letter from May 23, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his new office in North Platte, NE. He also mentions the "troublesome" Indian situation, lamenting that the government "does not give us sufficient protection."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, May 27, 1867

    In this letter from May 27, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the arrival of the Union Pacific's commissioners and their acceptance of 40 more miles of road. He again notes the Indian troubles, which have become such a hindrance that "unless we get more government protection the work may be suspended."

  • | Letter

    Letter from George L. Dunlap to Jennie Reed, May 31, 1867

    In this letter from May 31, 1867, George L. Dunlap, General Superintendent of the Chicago & North Western Railway, writes to Jennie Reed, wife of Samuel Reed, informing her that he has granted and enclosed a railway pass for her per her request.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, July 15, 1867

    In this letter from July 15, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family telling of a trip into the western mountains. He gives a humorous description of Colonel Silas Seymour who, when mounted, would "hoist his umbrella" and follow the escort near the front of the column.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, July 30, 1867

    In this letter from July 30, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his return trip after leaving Chicago, where he was visiting his family. Reed apologizes to his wife for visiting "several" saloons and other "dens of vice and crime" in Julesburg after his return. He gives a detailed account of his activities, which illustrates the availability of such diversions along the western portion of the Union Pacific Railroad.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, August 6, 1867

    In this letter from August 6, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing various business items regarding Union Pacific Railroad construction. He also mentions that several of the railroad's "best men" have recently died, due to illness or Indian attacks.

  • Letter to Jennie Reed, August 15, 1867

    In this letter from August 15, 1867, Mina writes to her sister Jennie Reed, wife of Samuel Reed, discussing her experiences working in Atlanta, Georgia. She states that her pay for the last month was only twenty dollars, as she was only in Atlanta for eleven days. She tells Jennie Reed that she will write to a Mr. Knowlton the next week regarding a railway pass, and hopes to "get up home in a week or two."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, August 31, 1867

    In this letter from August 31, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his success in getting bridge timber and noting the extreme heat in Julesburg, which reached 120 degrees in the sun.

  • | Illustration

    Cheyenne Indians Attacking a Working Party on the Union Pacific Railroad

    This image from the September 7, 1867 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts Cheyenne Indians on horseback attacking a party working for the Union Pacific Railroad.

  • | Illustration

    Group of Workmen on the Union Pacific Railroad

    This image from the September 7, 1867 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts a group of workmen employed by the Union Pacific Railroad.

  • Letter from Juliet L. Elwood to Jennie Reed, September 12, 1867

    In this letter from September 12, 1867, Juliet L. Elwood writes to Jennie Reed, wife of Samuel Reed, discussing plans to travel to St. Louis and the possibility of accompanying her on a trip to Omaha, Nebraska. She inquires about the prospects of Mrs. Reed procuring a railway pass for her for the journey. She also details an encounter she had on the railroad cars during a day trip to Joliet, Illinois with a "military gentleman" who knew Samuel Reed. She states that she "understood him to say he was Prest of Pacific Road, but I think I must of course have misunderstood, as Gen Dix is President, or was."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, September 19, 1867

    In this letter from September 19, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing Colonel Silas Seymour's attempt to delay construction of the railroad, in order to "injure someone's reputation." Reed states that he has written to the directors in New York City in support of General Grenville Dodge, who is Col. Seymour's target.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, September 22, 1867

    In this letter from September 22, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his desire to resign his position and return home to Chicago. He is sick of the "wild life" and "untold dangers seen and unseen."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, October 2, 1867

    In this letter from October 2, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family noting that his work is right on schedule, but that no more track can be laid until the New York office sends out more splice joints.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, October 5, 1867

    In this letter from October 5, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the upcoming arrival of a delegation of newspaper editors. He hopes that the Indians will give them a scare, as "it may do them some good and afford us some amusement."

  • | Illustration

    Surveying in Central America for a Railroad Across the Isthmus of Nicaragua

    This image from Harper's Weekly depicts railroad surveyors floating down Nicaragua's Rio Rama on a raft doing preliminary work to build a railroad across the isthmus.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, October 21, 1867

    In this letter from October 21, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his trip to the mountains with the delegation of newspaper editors, noting that "such a set of ninnies I never saw on the plains." Reed also reflects on the magnitude of the work on the Union Pacific line and suggests that few appreciate the difficulty of their efforts.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, October 23, 1867

    In this letter from October 23, 1867, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the "big row" being made by Colonel Silas Seymour.

  • | Illustration

    A New Cure

    This image from the November 2, 1867 issue of Harper's Weekly offers a cartoonist's conception of the relationship between railroads and rheumatism.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Cordelia L. Bailey to Jennie Reed, November 3, 1867

    In this letter from November 3, 1867, Cordelia L. Bailey writes to Jennie Reed, wife of Samuel Reed, inquiring why she has not written in so long. She asks if Mr. Reed will remain in the West throughout the winter, and if it would be alright to send her son Walter west even though "the season is so far advanced." Bailey states she believes it would be a good time for Walter to go west, given that "the Indians seem to have been awed, or coaxed into a more peaceful frame of mind."

  • | Illustration

    Central Pacific Railroad—Chinese Laborers at Work

    This image from the December 7, 1867 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts Chinese laborers working on the Central Pacific Railroad.

  • | Illustration

    Central Pacific Railroad—Donner Lake

    This image from the December 7, 1862 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts Donner Lake as seen from the Central Pacific Railroad.

  • | Illustration

    Central Pacific Railroad—Map and Profile Map of the Line from Omaha to San Francisco

    This image from the December 7, 1867 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts a map of the Pacific Railroad across the western United States from San Francisco, California to Omaha, Nebraska.

  • | Illustration

    Central Pacific Railroad—The Giant's Gap

    This image from the December 7, 1867 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts a very large gap in the mountains through which the Central Pacific Railroad runs.

  • | Illustration

    Central Pacific Railroad—View on American River

    This image from the December 7, 1867 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts a train running on the Central Pacific Railroad with a view of California's American River in the distance.

  • | Illustration

    Shooting Buffalo from the Trains of the Kansas Pacific Railroad

    This image from the December 14, 1867 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts men shooting buffalo for sport from Kansas Pacific Railroad cars.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Grenville Dodge to Samuel B. Reed, December 27, 1867

    In this letter from December 27, 1867, Grenville Dodge writes to Samuel Reed, affirming his support for Reed's work. Dodge states that Reed has been blamed for the construction problems in 1867 "when you ought not to be." He also advises Reed to "steer clear of New York complications" during construction in the upcoming season.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, January 11, 1868

    In this letter from January 11, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family and describes being caught in a severe snow storm. He also notes that "bridge matters are progressing well" and that he has received a letter from Grenville Dodge, in which the General declares his support for Reed.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, January 14, 1868

    In this letter from January 14, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the heavy snowfall in the timber-cutting areas, which makes it "impossible to haul much material." Reed hopes that this will not delay the delivery of ties for spring construction of the Union Pacific line.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, January 22, 1868

    In this letter from January 22, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the formation and actions of a "vigilance committee" in Cheyenne, Wyoming. This group captured three robbers and hung them without a trial. Reed claims that he "does not uphold such proceedings," but that "in these cases it is the best thing that could be done."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, February 16, 1868

    In this letter from February 16, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his preparations for the upcoming building season and his favorable position within the company. He writes that he receives all orders from the company secretary and "no person has any right to dictate to or order me to do this or that." Reed also notes that his salary for the upcoming year will be $10,000 to $12,000.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, March 4, 1868

    In this letter from March 4, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his arrival in Cheyenne, Wyoming once again.

  • | Illustration

    The Great Trunk Railroad to the Pacific

    This image from the March 14, 1868 issue of Harper's Weekly offers a cartoonist's conception of the railroad to the Pacific as the movement of a line of trunks.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, March 15, 1868

    In this letter from March 15, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the progress on the construction of the Union Pacific Railroad line.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, April 10, 1868

    In this letter from April 10, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the work on the Union Pacific Railroad line. His workers have completed the track to within one mile of the Dale Creek bridge and will have the bridge finished within a week. Reed is quite busy as Sydney Dillon, Thomas C. Durant, and others will arrive to inspect the line next week.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, April 23, 1868

    In this letter from April 23, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his progress on the Union Pacific line.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, April 27, 1868

    In this letter from April 27, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his frustration over the start of "so much new work" while trying to manage the existing construction.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, May 5, 1868

    In this letter from May 5, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing an upcoming trip to Fort Saunders, via Salt Lake City.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, May 18, 1868

    In this letter from May 18, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his trip to Salt Lake City and his business dealings with Brigham Young. Reed also describes the growing young city and notes that he has purchased a city lot, which he hopes will appreciate quickly.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, May 20, 1868

    In this letter from May 20, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his continuing negotiations with Brigham Young.

  • | Illustration

    Aspinwall, New Granada, Central America

    This image from the May 30, 1868 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts the railroad and railway station at Aspinwall, New Granada (present day Colon, Panama) in Central America.

  • | Illustration

    Snow Shed on the Central Pacific Railroad

    This image from the May 30, 1868 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts a lengthy snow shed on the Central Pacific Railroad.

  • | Illustration

    Surveying for the Central Pacific Railroad in Humboldt Pass

    This image from the May 30, 1868 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts surveyors examining Humboldt Pass in the Sierra Mountains of Nevada for the Central Pacific Railroad.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, May 31, 1868

    In this letter from May 31, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing a trip via horseback to "locate" another section Union Pacific Railroad line.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, June 7, 1868

    In this letter from June 7, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his continuing presence in Salt Lake City and his favorable treatment by the Mormons. He also notes that the Central Pacific Railroad's directors are "very much disappointed to learn that we are so far advanced with our end of the work," because that will mean less government land for their company.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, June 12, 1868

    In this letter from June 12, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his surveying camp, commenting on the sleeping arrangements and food. Reed also states his intention to resign his position, citing the "jealousy and hard feeling" which has caused him to take no "pleasure in trying to advance the work."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, June 23, 1868

    In this letter from June 23, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his actions in regard to resigning his position as Superintendent of Construction for the Union Pacific Railroad.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Grenville Dodge to Mrs. Samuel B. Reed, June 25, 1868

    In this letter from June 25, 1868, Grenville Dodge writes to Samuel Reed's wife regarding the misunderstanding that led to Mr. Reed's resignation. Dodge promises to "fix the matter" so that Reed will continue to work for the Union Pacific Railroad.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Sidney Dillon, July 3, 1868

    In this letter from July 3, 1868, a frustrated Samuel B. Reed writes to Sidney Dillon regarding his letter of resignation. Reed describes his displeasure over his recent treatment by high-ranking company officials, but announces that "All I want is to be retained as chief of construction."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, July 6, 1868

    In this letter from July 6, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the actions taken in response to his resignation. Sidney Dillon and Oliver Amos wish to retain Reed's services, and have worked to keep Reed as Construction Manager of the Union Pacific. Reed also mentions a workers' strike on the UP line, in which they demand $4 per day. He has sent troops "to enforce the orders and will starve them out unless they go to work."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, July 27, 1868

    In this letter from July 27, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his standing in the Union Pacific Railroad Company. Sidney Dillon and Thomas Durant "propose to continue me as General Superintendent of Construction," which Reed considers a satisfying resolution to the issue.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, July 30, 1868

    In this letter from July 30, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the continuing negotiations over his position in the company. Reed speculates that he will be "fully sustained and have full power in the construction department."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, July 30, 1868 (#2)

    In this second letter from July 30, 1868, Samuel Reed updates his wife and family with news that he has been reappointed as General Superintendent and Engineer of Construction. He notes that "Division Superintendents receive orders from me on all matters pertaining to construction." Reed plans to get to business immediately, as "the company is straining every nerve to build as much road as it is in the power of man to do before connecting with the Central Pacific."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, August 14, 1868

    In this letter from August 14, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family asking Mrs. Reed, who lives in Chicago , to meet Mark L. Seymour, a cousin of Colonel Silas Seymour, and join him on a trip to Reed's headquarters at the end of the Union Pacific line.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, October 31, 1868

    In this letter from October 31, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his never-ending work and the arrival of a snow storm while he was camping outside without a tent. Reed complains about the inefficiency of the Division Superintendents, whose incompetency causes him a great deal of extra work.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, November 17, 1868

    In this letter from November 17, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family updating them on the progress of the Union Pacific line.

  • | Illustration

    Earthquake in San Francisco, California, October 21, 1868

    This image from the November 28, 1868 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts four scences of damage in San Francisco, California following a severe earthquake: the Coffey and Risdons Building, the Railroad house and Rosenbum's Tobacco Warehouse, the Gas Works, and California Street.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, December 3, 1868

    In this letter from December 3, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the continuing effort to grade the railroad bed "as rapidly as the frozen ground will admit," but the work is so difficult that "we can not make much progress on light work in the hard frost."

  • | Illustration

    Hoosac Tunnel—Drilling Machine

    This image from the December 5, 1868 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts a drilling machine working to create the Hoosac Tunnel in western Massachusetts.

  • | Illustration

    Hoosac Tunnel—Entrance

    This image from the December 5, 1868 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts the entrance to the Hoosac Tunnel in western Massachusetts.

  • | Illustration

    The Serra Viaduct, St Paul's Railroad, Brazil

    This image from the December 5, 1868 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts the lengthy Serra Viaduct of St. Paul's Railroad in Brazil.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, December 6, 1868

    In this letter from December 6, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the difficult grading work still being done. His men work "night and day without cessation" because the work "goes very slowly on account of the hard frozen ground which it is impossible to move without [gun]powder." He places the blame for this difficult work on Thomas Durant, whose interference with Reed's plans caused the work to cost twice as much and take twice as long.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, December 16, 1868

    In this letter from December 16, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the progress on grading and decribes the recent weather, which has been clear. Reed again complains about Durant's interference, noting that "this work would all have been finished long ago if my arrangements had not been interfered with."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, December 28, 1868

    In this letter from December 28, 1868, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the arrival of Thomas Durant. Reed also states his longing to return home.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, January 12, 1869

    In this letter from January 12, 1869, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing Thomas Durant's hindrance to his work and the rising costs of construction.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, January 16, 1869

    In this letter from January 16, 1869, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family giving a detailed description of Thomas Durant's interference with the construction of the Union Pacific Railroad. Reed explains how Durant's decisions, including pulling workers from grading duty before winter came, have "squandered uselessly" an incredible amount of time and money.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, February 10, 1869

    In this letter from February 10, 1869, a weary Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the extent of his work. Reed has worked so hard for so long that he believes that it "is unfitting me for future usefulness."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, February 18, 1869

    In this letter from February 18, 1869, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his disappointment in not getting to see his wife as planned. Reed also notes that a large cut west of Weber Canyon has caved in, forcing him to ride out and "devise some plan to rectify it."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, February 27, 1869

    In this letter from February 27, 1869, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the progress of the Union Pacific Railroad. He notes that workers have laid track past Devil's Gate and that grading is finished for forty miles ahead of that point. Reed is pleased that the work is "moving smoothly," but he is "sick and tired of the hurry and hustle attendant upon so much business." Following Reed's letter is a note from the compiler, giving a flattering, if not entirely accurate, picture of the Union Pacific's construction.

  • | Illustration

    The Union Pacific Railroad—Scene at Weber Canon, Utah

    This image from the February 27, 1869 issue of Harper's Weekly shows Weber Canon, Utah as seen from the Union Pacific Railroad.

  • | Illustration

    The Union Pacific Railroad—Terminus at Echo City, Utah

    This image from the February 27, 1869 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts the terminus of the Union Pacific Railroad at Echo City, Utah.

  • | Newspaper

    Account of the "Golden Spike" Ceremony, Promontory Point, UT on May 10, 1869

    This account of the "Golden Spike" ceremony at Promontory Point, Utah on May 10, 1869, as printed in the May 11th edition of the Salt Lake Telegram, describes the festivities involved and lists some of the important attendees. Following the article, the compiler offers a one-sided picture of the situation regarding pay for the Union Pacific's construction crews and details Samuel Reed's actions after the ceremony.

  • | Illustration

    Pacific Railway Celebration at Chicago

    This image from the May 22, 1869 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts a celebration for the Pacific Railway outside the Chicago Tribune building in Chicago, Illinois.

  • | Illustration

    Railroad Disaster at Buckfield, Maine, April 27, 1869

    This image from the May 22, 1869 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts a railroad disaster following a bridge collapse at Buckfield, Maine.

  • | Illustration

    Interior of a Palace Hotel Car Used on the Pacific Railroad

    This image from the May 29, 1869 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts wealthy train passengers being served in a palace hotel car on the Pacific Railroad.

  • | Illustration

    Work on the Last Mile of the Pacific Railroad—Mingling of European with Asiatic Laborers

    This image from the May 29, 1869 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts laborers of both European and Asian descent working on the final mile of the Pacific Railroad.

  • | Illustration

    Completion of the Pacific Railroad—Meeting of Locomotives of the Union and Central Pacific Lines: The Engineers Shake Hands

    This image from the June 5, 1869 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts a large celebratory gathering around the place where the Union Pacific and Central Pacific lines joined at Promontory Summit, Utah.

  • | Illustration

    Pacific Railroad Complete

    This image from the June 12, 1869 issue of Harper's Weekly presents a satirical look at race and the completion of the Union Pacific railroad.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, August 5, 1869

    In this letter from August 5, 1869, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his arrival in Boston, which he describes as "a crooked place and full of crooked men, mentally and physically," for a meeting with Union Pacific officials.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, August 7, 1869

    In this letter from August 7, 1869, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his two-day-long interview with the Union Pacific Board.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, August 14, 1869

    In this letter from August 14, 1869, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the meetings in Boston. Reed has little to do and longs to "get away from here soon."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, August 16, 1869

    In this letter from August 16, 1869, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family complaining about the slow progress of meetings. He laments that "I could do more business in a single day than the combined wisdom of all the officers of the road in Boston."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, August 17, 1869

    In this letter from August 17, 1869, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing a lawsuit brought by Captain Davis, a tie contractor, against the Union Pacific Railroad. Reed supports Davis, another victim of Thomas Durant's interference during construction.

  • | Illustration

    A Prairie Fire In Nebraska

    This image from the August 28, 1869 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts a Nebraska prairie fire near the Union Pacific railroad. Harper's Weekly and Frank Leslie's Magazine featured stories about highlights along the transcontinental route

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, August 28, 1869

    In this letter from August 28, 1869, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family noting that troubles are on the horizon for the Union Pacific. He describes the Railroad's worsening financial position and again expresses his wish to return home.

  • | Illustration

    Omaha, Nebraska As Seen From The Old Capitol

    This image from the August 8, 1869 issue of Harper's Weekly shows the city of Omaha, Nebraska from the site of the Old Capitol building. Harper's Weekly and Frank Leslie's Magazine featured stories about highlights along the transcontinental route.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, August 31, 1869

    In this letter from August 31, 1869, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing "warm times" regarding the Union Pacific Company's various debts. Reed notes obligations to Brigham Young and Captain Davis, but hopes to avoid all of the problems by leaving in the coming days, which he has been promised he could do.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, September 1, 1869

    In this letter from September 1, 1869, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing more Union Pacific meetings. Reed expects to receive payment of $12,000 per year for his service, and he plans to go to New York "as soon as possible" to "settle all my accounts."

  • | Illustration

    Sherman Station, Wyoming Territory

    This image from the September 11, 1869 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts the rail station in Sherman, Wyoming Territory.

  • | Illustration

    Hudson River Railroad Depot

    This image from the September 25, 1869 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts the new railroad depot on Hudson Street in New York City, New York.

  • | Illustration

    The Vanderbilt Bronze Monument

    This image from the September 25, 1869 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts the Vanderbilt bronze monument at the Hudson River railroad depot in New York City, New York.

  • | Illustration

    Ten-Miles Canon, Nevada

    This image from the October 16, 1869 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts a Central Pacific Railroad passenger train traveling through Ten-Mile Canyon in Nevada. Just months after the driving of the "golden spike," the transcontinental railroad was in operation ferrying passengers through some of the sublime, dramatic landscape of the west.

  • | Illustration

    Weber Canon And River

    This image from the October 30, 1869 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts the Union Pacific Railroad in Weber Canyon. Just months after the driving of the "golden spike," the transcontinental railroad was in operation ferrying passengers through some of the most sublime, dramatic landscapes of the west.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Brigham Young, November 13, 1869

    In this November 13, 1869 letter, Samuel Reed writes to Brigham Young thanking him for his assistance during the construction of the Union Pacific Railroad.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, December 3, 1869

    In this letter from December 3, 1869, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing affairs in Boston. Reed hopes for a "speedy closing up of my affairs."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, December 6, 1869

    In this letter from December 6, 1869, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family announcing his expectation of settling his accounts within a few days.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, December 9, 1869

    In this December 9, 1869 letter, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing the Company's continuing delay in settling his affairs. He announces an upcoming trip and gives a positive outlook on the Union Pacific's financial situation.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, January 6, 1870

    In this January 6, 1870 letter, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family informing them that it will likely be some time before his accounts are settled and he can return home.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, January 13, 1870

    In this January 13, 1870 letter, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family informing them that it will be at least a week until his accounts are settled. He notes that other accounts are also being reviewed and that the New York office "has largely overpaid some parties."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, January 16, 1870

    In this brief January 16, 1870 letter, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family announcing that Sidney Dillon wants him to go to Texas and survey 200 miles of road.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, January 20, 1870

    In this brief January 20, 1870 letter, a dejected Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family informing them that his accounts are still not settled. He admits that he is "heartily sick and tired of the unbusinesslike way in which I am treated and do not hesitate to let those who are here know the fact."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, January 22, 1870

    In this January 22, 1870 letter, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing an outing to the museum at Harvard College, as he has yet to hear from the Union Pacific Company regarding his accounts.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, January 28, 1870

    In this January 28, 1870 letter, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family describing his work balancing construction accounts for the Union Pacific Railroad. He states that he "shall get clear of the U.P.R.R. Co. with a clean record as far as money accounts go." Reed continues to wait on his personal account, however.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, January 31, 1870

    In this January 31, 1870 letter, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family announcing that he will close his accounts on February 1st. He boasts that "there are no company books and vouchers in New York or Boston that are in as good shape as the construction accounts I return from the west."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, February 3, 1870

    In this February 3, 1870 letter, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family announcing that his business with the Union Pacific will be settled the following day. He also notes that he knows "the exact cost of the road from Omaha to the end," but does not give the figure. He further states that Sidney Dillon continues to discuss Reed's work on a Texas road, but "I had much rather build one in Illinois if I can make arrangements with Mr. Mitchell."

  • | Letter

    Letter from Samuel B. Reed to Wife and Family, February 8, 1870

    In this February 8, 1870 letter, Samuel Reed writes to his wife and family from New York, having finished his business in Boston. His personal accounts are not yet settled, but Sidney Dillon has promised him that "they shall be this week and the balance remitted to me at Joliet," Illinois.

  • | Illustration

    A Snow Drift On The Pacific Railroad

    This image from the March 19, 1870 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts workers and a snow plow attempting to clear a snow drift on the Pacific Railroad.

  • | Illustration

    The Recent Accident On The Mississippi Central Railroad

    This image from the March 19, 1870 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts an accident due to a bridge collapse on the Mississippi Central Railroad.

  • | Illustration

    The Railroad Accident At New Hamburg—Recovering The Bodies

    This image from the February 25, 1871 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts the recovery of bodies following a serious railroad accident at New Hamburg, New York.

  • | Illustration

    The Railroad Accident At New Hamburg—Scene Of The Disaster On The Following Morning

    This image from the February 25, 1871 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts New Hamburg, New York the morning following a serious railroad accident.

  • | Illustration

    The Railroad Accident At New Hamburg—The Burning Car

    This image from the February 25, 1871 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts a burning railroad car following an accident at New Hamburg, New York.

  • | Illustration

    California Terminus Of The Central Pacific Railroad

    This image from the April 22, 1871 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts the three large piers of the terminus of the Central Pacific Railroad in California.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Henry Wilson, January 1, 1872

    In this January 1, 1872 letter, Henry Wilson states that on the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad Company's lands in Iowa and Nebraska, "the class we most want is Farmers or Land buyers." In his estimation, the climate and environment are best suited for agriculture and the prospects for "persons dependent on their labor are not so good as in older States," which would make it difficult for them to succeed in America.

  • | Letter

    Letter from C. R. Schaller to A. E. Touzalin, January 5, 1872

    In this January 5, 1872 letter from C. R. Schaller to A. E. Touzalin, Schaller outlines a plan to use London's conservative press to advertise the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad Company's lands in Nebraska.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Joseph E. Osborn to George S. Harris, January 15, 1872

    In this January 15, 1872 letter from Joseph E. Osborn to George S. Harris, Osborn describes his efforts at recruiting European immigrants to Iowa and Nebraska in the United States. He expects a small number of immigrants this year, but hopes that the seeds he has sown will bear fruit in future years.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Joseph E. Osborn to George S. Harris, February 5, 1872

    In this February 5, 1872 letter from Joseph E. Osborn to George S. Harris, Osborn reports on his work in Europe, publicizing the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad Company's lands in Iowa and Nebraska. He has printed 10,000 copies of a land brochure to be distributed in Denmark and Norway.

  • | Illustration

    Danger Ahead

    This image from the February 10, 1872 issue of Harper's Weekly offers an artist's conception of the response of a train crew to a warning of impending disaster.

  • | Illustration

    Snow Sheds Covered With Snow

    This image from the February 10, 1872 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts snow sheds on the Central Pacific Railroad.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Joseph E. Osborn to George S. Harris, February 15, 1872

    In this February 15, 1872 letter from Joseph E. Osborn to George S. Harris, Osborn describes the results of a business trip to Norway, in which he tried to find favorable rates of passage for Norwegian immigrants who have purchased Burlington and Missouri River Railroad land in Iowa and Nebraska.

  • | Letter

    Letter from C. R. Schaller to George S. Harris, March 1, 1872

    In this March 1, 1872 letter from C. R. Schaller to George S. Harris, Schaller writes a letter of introduction for Mr. Louis McCandless of Moville, describing his intentions to start a colony and detailing his excellent work habits.

  • | Illustration

    Justice On The Rail

    This image from the March 30, 1872 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts a cartoonist's view of justice "derailing" a corrupt ring on the Erie Railroad.

  • | Illustration

    The Depot at Moss Neck

    This image from the March 30, 1872 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts a railroad depot at Moss Neck, North Carolina.

  • | Letter

    Letter from Joseph G. Osborn to George S. Harris, April 19, 1872

    In this April 19, 1872 letter from Joseph E. Osborn to George S. Harris, Osborn describes the immigrants headed to Burlington and Missouri River Railroad lands in Nebraska and Iowa as being "as poor as church rats."

  • | Illustration

    The Proposed Harbor at Dover

    This image from the April 27, 1872 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts a proposed harbor at Dover, Delaware, that includes a railroad depot for shipping cargo.

  • | Illustration

    Constructing Railroad Ties

    This image from the December 21, 1872 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts five people seated in a passenger car.

  • | Contract

    Burlington Northern Land Contract, January 20, 1874

    This January 20, 1874 document is an application to purchase land at $6.00 per acre from the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad Company in Lancaster County, Nebraska. An immigrant from Bohemia, the applicant lists his length of time in the United States as six years and his time in Nebraska as 20 months. This purchaser's status as a relative newcomer to the country shows how the availability of land near railroads simultaneously provided opportunities for new immigrants to become property holders and also gave incentive for people to settle in the Great Plains.

  • | Illustration

    A Patient Railroad Traveler

    In an apparent commentary on the slowness of some railroad companies, this image from the March 14, 1874 issue of Harper's Weekly offers a cartoonist's conception of a patient railroad traveler.

  • | Contract

    Burlington Northern Land Contract, March 14, 1874

    This March 14, 1874 application to purchase land in Lancaster County, Nebraska from the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad Company details the costs associated with land purchases. As both an immigrant and a woman, this applicant shows that the availability of relatively cheap land opened ownership opportunities to a variety of non-traditional demographic groups.

  • | Contract

    Burlington Northern Land Contract, March 18, 1874

    In this March 18, 1874 application to buy land from the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad Company, a quarter section of Nebraska land sells for $7.00 per acre. A German immigrant who had lived in the United States for six years, Johann Brunken had spent only five days in Nebraska prior to his land purchase. The opportunity to own land as a recent immigrant may have influenced his decision to relocate.

  • | Contract

    Burlington Northern Land Contract, Signature Sheet

    This signature sheet from a Johann Brunken's Nebraska land contract has spaces for fares and freight on the Burlington and Missouri River and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroads, showing at least two of the railroads that had expanded into Nebraska by 1874.

  • | Contract

    Burlington Northern Land Contract, March 26, 1874

    This March 26, 1874 document is an application to purchase land from the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad Company in Lancaster County, Nebraska. The applicant, Adolph Brauer, was a German immigrant who had lived in the United States for only four years, but apparently seized the opportunity provided by the railroads to purchase his own property.

  • | Contract

    Burlington Northern Land Contract, May 25, 1874

    This May 25, 1874 document is an application to purchase land from the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad Company in Lancaster County, Nebraska. This applicant was an immigrant from Prussia, and financed his land purchase on "long credit", paying $43.20 when he filled out the application. Abundant land in the Great Plains gave immigrants like this man opportunities to become property owners.

  • | Contract

    Burlington Northern Land Contract, June 9, 1874

    In this June 9, 1874 application to buy land from the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad Company, James O'Reily purchases 160 acres of land at $6.00 per acre on ten years credit. Leaving the "Length of time in Nebraska" line blank, O'Reily's application from Minnesota to purchase railroad land shows how the railroad's involvement in real estate may have influenced migration choices.

  • | Contract

    Burlington Northern Land Contract, June 16, 1874

    In this June 16, 1874 application to buy land from the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad Company, Hungarian Andreas Mosser purchases land in Lancaster County, Nebraska. Mosser's application is especially remarkable, as he lists his time in the United States as "14 days" and his time in Nebraska as "8 days". The railroad clearly played an instrumental role in Mosser's new life in America, both by selling him his own land and likely by transporting him across the country to take possession of it, all within the span of only two weeks.

  • | Illustration

    Shooting Antelopes From A Railroad Train In Colorado

    This scene from the May 29, 1875 issue of Harper's Weekly depicts a hunting party shooting pronghorn antelope from a railroad train in Colorado.

  • | Contract

    Burlington Northern Land Contract, August 30, 1875

    In this August 30, 1875 application to buy land from the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad Company, 80 acres in Lancaster County, Nebraska sell for $6.00 per acre. Vaclav Krenek, who arrived from Prague, Bohemia seven months before he filled out this application, notes on his application that he owns no other land in Nebraska. Railroad land sales provided immigrants the chance to become property owners soon after their arrival.

  • | Contract

    Burlington Northern Land Contract, August Wilke

    In this application to buy land from the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad Company, August Wilke purchases 40 acres in Lancaster County, Nebraska for $5.50 per acre. A German immigrant who had lived in the United States for 16 years, Wilke already owned a homestead in the section adjacent to the one purchased here. Railroad land sales offered immigrants who had established themselves earlier the chance to increase their holdings.

  • | Contract

    Burlington Northern Land Contract, June 26, 1876

    In this June 26, 1876 application to buy land from the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad Company, a Bohemian purchases 80 acres in Lancaster County, Nebraska, only eight days after arriving in the United States and four days after arriving in Nebraska. In a little over a week, this immigrant used the railroad as a means of transport across the country and as a vehicle of acquiring property.

  • | Pamphlet

    Prices of B & M Railroad Lands

    An examplar with the terms of purchase on credit for Burlington and Missouri Railroad Company Lands; the interest, payment dates, and sample payment amounts are meant to inform prospective buyers who may have not owned land before moving West.

  • | Contract

    Burlington Northern Land Contract, Febrauary 10, 1877

    In this February 10, 1877 application to buy land from the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad Company, 80 acres of land in Lancaster County, Nebraska are sold for $7.00 per acre. This immigrant took advantage of railroad lands to increase his property holdings, as he already owned land in Nebraska.

  • | Pamphlet

    Map of Webster County, Neb., July 1877

    One of the notable features of this map of Webster county is the amount of land held by the railroad; note also the proposed line between Hastings and Red Cloud. The reverse of the map is full of useful information and propoganda about Webster County, home "land of the richest quality."

  • | Newspaper

    Trouble on the Baltimore & Ohio

    This article from the July 17, 1877 edition of the Baltimore American gives an account of the strike's origins in Baltimore, its spread to Martinsburg, West Virginia, the arrival of the miltary, and a description of the demonstrations that took place.

  • | Newspaper

    A General Strike

    This article from the July 20, 1877 edition of the Baltimore American gives an account of the strike and notes the military's effectiveness at calming the mob, but the reluctance of railroad workers to return to work.

  • Bad Allies

    In this article from the July 23, 1877 edition of the Toledo Blade, the editors support the striking railroad workers, but condemn the "mob of scoundrels who took advantage of the occasion to commit all sorts of depredations."

  • Cause of the Strike and a Remedy

    This article from the July 23, 1877 edition of the Chicago Daily Tribune outlines the various causes of the strike—placing blame on railroad workers and railroad executives—and stresses that the remedy to this situation can only be achieved once mob rule has been replace by law and order.

  • The Great Strike

    This article from the July 23, 1877 edition of the Chicago Daily Tribune suggests that railroad corporations should adopt new policies to meet the needs of railroad workers, which will also keep many of the corporations from falling into bankruptcy.

  • The Strike

    This article from the July 23, 1877 edition of the St. Louis Daily Globe-Democrat condemns the recent actions of the railroad strikers and hopes that the city can avoid a repeat of the violence in Pittsburgh, where the mob has "pillaged and burned and murdered in the carnival of crime."

  • | Newspaper

    The Troops To Open The Line At Cumberland And Provide Against Trouble At Piedmont

    This article from the July 23, 1877 issue of the Baltimore American notes that two companies of troops had been dispatched to Cumberland, Maryland, to reopen the rail line.

  • Timely Advice

    This article from the July 23, 1877 edition of the St. Louis Dispatch advises the Missouri Pacific Railroad to "set the example to other roads to promptly acquiesce in all reasonable demands" by the workers in order to peacefully end the railroad strike.

  • [Let Us Have Peace]

    This article from the July 23, 1877 edition of the Chicago Inter-Ocean argues that a strike cannot be allowed to start in Chicago, or the city will see the same bloodshed and violence as in Baltimore and Pittsburgh. The editors state that violence must not be allowed to flourish; despite the contention between railroad workers and railroad executives, peace should trump workplace disagreements.

  • Progress of the Strike

    This article from the July 24, 1877 edition of the St. Louis Daily Globe-Democrat commends the actions of the Missouri railroads, which have done their best to support the workers and have "removed the last excuse for disorder or violence." The editors condemn Communists, but support the striking workers in their quest for higher wages—a request the newspaper hopes the company will consider.

  • The Strike

    This article from the July 24, 1877 edition of the St. Louis Dispatch notes the outbreak of violence in the city and states that "the railroad war in St. Louis has actually begun." The newspaper condemns the workers who are destroying property, but supports the "real workingmen" who "do not cut their own throats in this way."

  • The Chicago Strike

    This article from the July 25, 1877 edition of the Chicago Inter-Ocean gives notice of the newspaper's support for the striking workers. The editors state that "we recognize their privilege to do as they please about working, and shall utter no reproach against them," as long as they abstain from violence.

  • The Tyranny of the "Brotherhood"

    This article from the July 25, 1877 edition of the Toledo Blade states the newspaper's strong oppositon to the "tyranny" of the railroad union, whose "managers care nothing for the welfare of the community at large, nor the best good of its members."

  • | Newspaper

    European Opinion

    These articles from the July 27, 1877 issue of the Pittsburgh Daily Post note the response of European countries to the recent American railroad strikes and discuss American Cabinet proceedings in relation to the strike.

  • | Newspaper

    The West Penn Calamity

    This article from the July 27, 1877 issue of the Pittsburgh Daily Post briefly accounts a court proceeding concerning a collision on the West Penn Railroad in which five men were killed.

  • | Illustration

    A Pun on Kars

    This image from the August 1, 1877 edition of PUCK Magazine is a pun on Kars (a city in Turkey) that depicts a soldier being pulled behind a railroad car.

  • | Newspaper

    My Adventures in the Strike Region.

    This satirical story from the August 1, 1877 issue of PUCK Magazine follows an unlucky businessman and his unfortunate circumstances during a trip to Chicago during the Great Railway Strike.

  • | Illustration

    Puck Humorous Weekly

    This dramatic image appeared on two pages of the August 1, 1877 edition of PUCK Magazine and illustrates a skeleton-headed train running past apparently injured women, with dark images of laborers in the smoke.

  • | Contract

    Burlington Northern Land Contract, August 8, 1877

    In this August 8, 1877 application to buy land from the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad Company, Joseph Fischer purchases 160 acres in Lancaster County, Nebraska for $7.00 per acre. An immigrant from Bohemia, Fischer took advantage of the railroad's 10-year credit plan to finance his new purchase. Railroad credit plans enabled immigrants and others who lacked ready cash to buy land.

  • | Newspaper

    Railroad Strikers/Employees

    This brief article, an opinion taken from PUCK Magazine, speculates about the future position of railroad employees.

  • | Illustration

    Attempt to Burn Camden Depot

    Railroad detective Allan Pinkerton's history of the strike emphasized the unruliness of the mob and the threat of foreign, anarchist, and communist influences on American labor. Here, his illustration shows the rioters' attempt to burn down Baltimore's Camden Station during the 1877 railroad strike.

  • | Pamphlet

    Map of the Eastern Half of Nebraska, March 1, 1880

    With a detailed map of Burlington and Missouri Railroad lands for sale, optimistic descriptions of Nebraska's agricultural possibilities, and timetables for routes from Eastern cities to Nebraska, this pamphlet and others like it were effective tools for railroads and their agents seeking settlers.

  • | Time Table

    Baltimore and Ohio R.R.

    The Baltimore and Ohio was one of the oldest railroads in the nation and the first to break through the Allegheny Mountains to reach the Ohio River in 1857. In its 1880 time table the railroad stressed the natural features and wonders along its route and its picturesque sites. The road also used a massive map of the nation to expose its western connections.

  • | Book

    Leaves of Grass

    An excerpt from Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass. Whitman salutes the locomotive as a symbol of progress and writes of the hallmarks of a Western journey.

  • | Book

    Nemo, King of the Tramps: A Story of the Great Railroad Riots

    This Dime Novel, written in 1881 by Captain Fred Whittaker, offers a popular, fictional account of the Great Railway Strike of 1877.

  • | Time Table

    Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Ry.

    The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway's 1881 time table featured linkages to "leading business centers" and "summer resorts of the Great North-West."

  • | Pamphlet

    B. & M. R. R. Land in Nebraska [German Language edition]

    This translation of an 1882 German language document published by the Burlington Railroad Land Commissioner has an index of Nebraska land agents, describes the lands available for purchase, and presents a list of 12 advantages to living in the Nebraska. The railroad also touts its role in settling the region, noting that it "open[s] the land, develop[s] traffic with the rest of the world, and connect[s] resident[s] to the marketplace". It also claims that "the progress in this region has been remarkable since the building of the Burlington road ten years ago, the district has been rapidly populated with the best and solidest class of immigrant", showing both the railroad companies' targeting of immigrants as land buyers and their perception of their role in settling the Plains.

  • | Broadsides

    General Superintendent S.T. Smith's General Order Implementing Standard Time, November 14, 1883

    This General Order from November 14, 1883, circulated by S. T. Smith, General Superintendent of the Kansas Division of the Union Pacific Railroad, notifies all stations on the Kansas Division that "standard time" will begin at exactly 9:00 a.m. on Sunday, November 18, 1883. This order coincides with the establishment of time zones throughout the United States, a development necessitated by the speed of railroad travel.

  • | Newspaper

    The Smoking Car

    This description of the masculine, almost class-free atmosphere in the smoking car is in sharp contrast to the requirements of the "ladies' cars" expected for middle-class female travelers. Note the sense of freedom men seem to experience in the cars.

  • | Time Table

    Chicago and North Western Railway

    The Chicago and Northwestern Railway's 1884 time table listed detailed times and maps for its extensive regional system.

  • | Time Table

    Chesapeake & Ohio Railway

    The Chesapeake and Ohio's 1885 time table featured excursion rates to "Old Point Comfort" on the Chesapeake Bay in Virginia. Pitched to male travelers, the brochure described "nymph-like bathers" at the resort hotel and "the merry laugh of some bewitching beauty." Travelers could also take steamship to Barbados, Rio de Janiero, or Para, Brazil, at "the mouth of the Amazon." The brochure also emphasized the picturesque scences of the Alleghenies and Virginia, where Civil War battlefields could be toured. "The battle of the Seven Pines was fought near where the railway runs," the brochure explained, "and McClellan's peninsular campaign has made this entire section of Virginia interesting."

  • | Time Table

    Boston and Albany

    The Boston & Albany's 1885 time table emphasized its connection with the New York Central and its modern safety, as the "only double track route from New England to the West."

  • | Time Table

    The Santa Fe Route

    The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe's 1885 time table emphasized its connections not only to California but also to Mexico City on the Mexico Central Railroad. Its large map featured detailed insets of Baja California and Mexico for tourists and travelers, and its inside folds described special rates for "land explorers" and emigrants.

  • | Time Table

    Chicago and Atlantic Railway

    The Chicago and Atlantic Railway's 1886 time table emphasized its "straight line" to the East and the "smoothness and evenness" of its grade. The road used "the best of steel rails only" and boasted "three thousand oak ties to the mile."

  • | Time Table

    Chicago and Alton R.R.

    The Chicago and Alton time table stressed the regional, midwestern connections for St. Louis and Kansas City.

  • | Time Table

    Atlantic and Pacific Railroad

    The Atlantic and Pacific Railroad's 1887 time table featured the speed of its route from St. Louis, Kansas City, or Chicago to Los Angeles. The time table emphasized express trains and fewer changes of cars than competing lines.

  • | Letter

    Henry B. Stone letter, February 28, 1888

    Henry B. Stone, Master Mechanic for the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy, reflects on the costs in personnel and goodwill that are inevitable with a strike; he believes circumstances make it "simply impossible for the Company to yield to the demands which have been made."

  • | Letter

    History of the Strike

    William F. Merrill forwards two reports about strike workers and violence to Paul Morton, General Freight Agent for the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy; the reports were compiled by Superintendant Crance of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad Company and Kohl, Superintendant of the Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs Railroad Company.

  • | Time Table

    Chicago and North-Western Railway

    The 1888 Chicago and North-Western Railway emphasized "cheap farms and free homes" in Northern Nebraska along the Elkhorn Valley, the Niobrara Valley, and into the Black Hills in South Dakota. The time table included detailed descriptions of homestead policies and land availability for immigrants and settlers.

  • | Letter

    Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad post-strike report

    The C, B & Q Master Mechanic for West Burlington, Iowa, reports on the work history of several engineers who were re-applying for work in the wake of the 1888 strike. Master Mechanic West indicated employees with hash tags (#) who should never be rehired.

  • | Letter

    Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad post-strike report

    The C, B & Q Master Mechanic for West Burlington, Iowa, reports on the work history of several firemen and hostlers who were re-applying for work in the wake of the 1888 strike. Master Mechanic West indicated employees with hash tags (#) who should never be rehired.

  • | Broadsides

    Broadside Offering a $200 Reward for Information Regarding an Attempt to Derail a Union Pacific Train, October 4, 1890

    In this October 4, 1890 broadside, the Union Pacific Railroad offers a $200 reward for information leading to the arrest and conviction of the individuals who attempted to derail a train.

  • | Time Table

    Canadian Pacific Railway

  • | Time Table

    The Burlington

    The Chicago, Burlington & Northern's 1891 time table adopted a compass-like circular image representing the major points accessible on the line. This table also featured the history of the line and the picturesque sites along its route.

  • | Time Table

    Santa Fe Route

    This 1892 Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe time table featured detailed insets with maps of its subsidiary lines.

  • | Time Table

    Chicago Great Western Railway

    The Chicago Great Western Railway's 1893 time table placed its line in the center of a globe-like image. The road stressed its comfortable "compartmented sleeping cars."

  • | Broadsides

    Broadside Offering a $500 Reward for the Arrest of Train Robbers, August 21, 1895

    In this 1895 broadside, the Pacific Express Company offers a $500 reward for the arrest and conviction of those who robbed Union Pacific train Number 8 on August 21.

  • | Map

    The United State Railroad System, 1890

    This map from the 1898 Statistical Atlas of the United States depicts the entire United States railroad system in 1890. The accompanying table charts the increase in railroad mileage from 1830 to 1890.

  • | Book

    The Awakening

    An excerpt from Kate Chopin's The Awakening.

  • | Book

    Sister Carrie

    An excerpt from Theodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie.

  • | Book

    The Road

    An excerpt from Jack London's The Road.

  • | Time Table

    Santa Fe

    By 1907 railroads were producing elaborate time tables with detailed connecting information, rates, and times. The Santa Fe Railroad emphasized detailed times and schedules for this large system.

  • | Photograph

    A Freight Crew and Its Hack

    This image from The Modern Railroad (1911) captures a railroad freight crew posing with an Erie Railroad car in the background.

  • | Photograph

    A Manicure on the "Modern Train"

    This image from The Modern Railroad (1911) captures a white, female passenger receiving a manicure from an African-American woman while aboard the railroad.

  • | Photograph

    A Railroad Engineer "Fussing At His Machine"

    This image from The Modern Railroad (1911), shows a railroad engineer, "oil-can in hand," lubricating the wheel of a locomotive.

  • | Photograph

    A Railroad Fireman Shoveling Coal

    This image from The Modern Railroad (1911), captures a railroad fireman shoveling coal into the firebox.

  • | Photograph

    An Army of Clerks

    This image from The Modern Railroad (1911), depicts a room full of freight department clerks.

  • | Photograph

    An Early Locomotive

    This image from The Modern Railroad, published in 1911, shows one of the earliest locomotives built for the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad.

  • | Photograph

    Crane Recovering a Damaged Locomotive

    This image from The Modern Railroad(1911) captures two cranes removing a badly damaged Mogul locomotive from the site where it derailed.

  • | Photograph

    Great Northern Locomotives: Old and New

    This image from The Modern Railroad(1911), shows the first engine of the James J. Hill system sitting next to one of the Great Northern Railroad's more recent models.

  • | Photograph

    Interior of a Dining Car

    This image from The Modern Railroad (1911) captures the interior of an elegant dining car, including several of its male and female passengers.

  • | Photograph

    The "Industrial Army of America"

    This image from The Modern Railroad (1911) depicts a large number of railroad mechanics posing with a locomotive.

  • | Photograph

    The "John Bull" Locomotive

    This image from Edward Hungerford's The Modern Railroad (1911) features the "John Bull," a historic locomotive of the Camden and Amboy railroad.

  • | Photograph

    The Biggest Locomotive in the World

    This image from The Modern Railroad (1911), showcases "the biggest locomotive in the world," a huge engine built by the Santa Fe Railroad in its Topeka, Kansas shops.

  • | Photograph

    The Railroad Conductor

    This image from The Modern Railroad (1911), shows a railroad conductor at work.

  • | Photograph

    The Railroad Track Walker

    This image from The Modern Railroad (1911), captures a track walker, lantern in hand, performing his nightly duties.

  • | Photograph

    The Wrecking Train

    This image from The Modern Railroad (1911) shows a number of railroad workers standing atop a wrecking train.

  • | Time Table

    The Chicago Milwaukee & Puget Sound Railway

    The Chicago, Milwaukee & Puget Sound Railway in 1912 stressed the opportunities in the Northwestern United States. This "new land" would allow the farmer to "pay for his land in two crops" and the "investor" to "make large and quick profits."

  • | Book

    My Ántonia

    An excerpt from Willa Cather's My Ántonia.

  • | Map

    Map Showing the Centers Of Population, 1790-1920

    These two maps from the 1925 Statistical Atlas of the United States offer regional and national geographical representations of the changing centers of population in the United States from 1790 to 1920.

  • | Photograph

    Camden Station

    This 1928 image of Camden Station shows the look of the Baltimore landmark years after the 1877 strike.

  • | Book

    Railroad Strike Violence at Martinsburg, WV

    In this excerpt from The Story of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Historian Edward Hungerford offers an account of the violence at Martinsburg, WV during the 1877 railroad strike. This selection also includes Allan Pinkerton's vivid description of the event.

  • | Photograph

    The Hotel and Station at Cumberland, Maryland

    This photograph shows the hotel and railroad station at Cumberland, Maryland, built by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, as it looked in 1928.

  • | Time Table

    Chicago and North Western Line

    The Chicago and Northwestern Railway's 1928 time table emphasized planning "your summer vacation" to Yellowstone, Rocky Mountain, Zion, Grand Canyon, Bryce, Yosemite, and Ranier National Parks, as well as other western mountain sites.

  • | Map

    Centers of Population

    This map from the 1932 Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States offers a geographic rendering of the United States' center of population from 1790 to 1930. It references six organizational categories, including total population, urban population, rural population, foreign-born population, and Negro population.

  • | Map

    Federal Land Grants for the Construction of Railroads and Wagon Roads 1823-1871

    This map from the 1932 Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States reveals the United States land grants available for the construction of railroads and wagon roads between 1823-1871. As the key indicates, dark lines represent the limits of the land grants, while white and striped areas differentiate between unforfeited and forfeited Federal land grants for railroads.

  • | Map

    Railroad Travel Rates, 1800-1930

    This series of maps from the 1932 Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States shows the progressive decrease in travel time by depicting the time required to travel from New York to various western locations in 1800, 1830, 1857, AND 1930.

  • | Map

    Railroads 1850 and 1860; Overland Mail, 1850-1869

    These two maps from the 1932 Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States display overland mail routes and railroad lines in the United States during the mid-nineteenth century. The maps show the extent of railroads in 1850 and 1860 and overland mail from 1850 to 1869.

  • | Map

    Railroads in Operation, December, 1840

    This map from the 1932 Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States depicts the various railroad lines operating in the United States in 1840.

  • | Map

    The Harriman Railroad System, 1912

    This map from the 1932 Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States displays the Harriman Railroad System in 1914, including the Union Pacific, Southern Pacific, and Los Angeles, San Pedro, and Salt Lake railroads.

  • | Map

    The James J. Hill Railroads, 1914

    This map from the 1932 Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States depicts the vast railroad system James J. Hill owned in 1914.

  • | Map

    The New England Railroad System, 1914

    This map from the 1932 Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States depicts the New England railroad system in 1914, including the New York, New Haven, and Hartford, the Boston and Maine, and the Maine Central railroads.

  • | Map

    The New York Central Railroad System, 1914

    This map from the 1932 Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States displays the extent of the New York Central railroad system in 1914.

  • | Map

    The Pennsylvania Railroad System, 1914

    This map from the 1932 Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States displays the extent of the Pennsylvania railroad system in 1914.

  • | Map

    The Southern Railroad System, 1913

    This map from the 1932 Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States displays the extent of the Southern railroad system in 1913.

  • | Map

    United States Railroads Lines, 1870

    This map from the 1932 Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States displays the United States' railroad lines in 1870 as well as some of the major cities they connected.

  • | Map

    Western Railroad Lines, 1880 and 1930

    These two maps from the 1932 Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States depict the extent of western railroads in 1880 and 1930. They illustrate the tremendous growth of the railroad in the western United States during this fifty-year period.